Method and apparatus for proximity service discovery

ABSTRACT

A method and apparatus for proximity service discovery are disclosed. In one embodiment, the method comprises providing one or more expressions from a market server to at least one wireless broadcasting device for broadcasting over one or more wireless channels, each of the one or more expressions related to different marketplace items, receiving, at the market server, one or more requests from one or more wireless devices for information to identify items being offered in marketplace that match items the one or more wireless devices are attempting to obtain, sending expressions to at least one or more wireless devices associated for matching the relevant broadcast signals associated with items the one or more wireless devices are attempting to obtain, and providing, by the marketing server, data notification channels for direct device-to-device data notification over at least one wireless channel to facilitate information exchange between the at least one wireless broadcasting device and the one or more wireless devices attempting to obtain items being offered by the at least one wireless broadcasting device.

PRIORITY

The present patent application claims priority to and incorporates byreference the corresponding provisional patent application Ser. No.62/096,356, titled, “A Method and Apparatus for LTE-D Based ProximityService Discovery and Data Notification,” filed on Dec. 23, 2014;provisional patent application No. 62/106,528, titled, “A Method andApparatus for Managing the Placement of Broadcast Signals forProximity-based Service Discovery,” filed on Jan. 22, 2015; andprovisional patent application Ser. No. 62/253,051, titled, “A Methodand Apparatus for an Instant Customizable Service Delivery System Basedon Spatiotemporal Mobile Network,” filed on Nov. 9, 2015.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of the present invention are related to the field ofproximity-based service discovery; more particularly, embodiments of thepresent invention are related to proximity-based service discoverymarketplace using primary and auxiliary expressions.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Proximity services exist in various forms. In some current prevalentproximity-based services, the devices that broadcast information for aparticular service belong to the provider of that service. For instance,a department store that wants to send advertisements about on-sale itemsmust purchase an access point or a subscriber unit capable of sendinginformation assigned to the department store. This means that a businessor individual has only coverage within the immediate range of thedevices they own and operate.

A most notable proximity service is referred to as geo-fencing, whereservices can specify a certain geographical area and ask the proximityservice provider to notify them when a client enters that specifiedarea. The specified area can be fuzzy (e.g., an area covered by aparticular WiFi service set identifier (SSID) or cellular base station)or more explicit by defining explicit geographical boundaries and usinga global position system (GPS) or other localization techniques. Anotherimportant class of proximity service solutions utilizes relativeproximity between pairs of wireless devices, where one, both or none ofthe devices might be mobile. Implicit in all these services, thediscovery is opportunistic, i.e., clients discovering the servicesshould be within the radio range (e.g., <<500 meters) of the servicebeing advertised.

Long Term Evolution (LTE)-Direct, hereinafter referred to as LTE-D,provides a radio modem based service discovery where applications areassigned application specific expressions (e.g., 128 bits) to broadcasttheir services over dedicated LTE uplink resources allocated by a mobileoperator. Once an application publishes one or more expressions, theseexpressions are pushed down to the LTE-D chip in a wireless user device,or user equipment (UE). When an application subscribes to an expression,it defines which bits of the expression should be used and to whatvalues they need to be equal (i.e., a bit-mask and a match value). Thebit-mask and match value are pushed down to the LTE-D chip of a userdevice. LTE-D chip and LTE radio of the user device periodically wakeup, broadcast any published expressions on the user device using some ofthe LTE uplink resources allocated for service discovery and in theremaining resources for service discovery, they listen to theexpressions broadcasted by other devices to identify any matches to thesubscribed expressions. When the LTE-D chip in a user device matches anyexpression, it notifies the application subscribed to that expression onthe same device. Upon receiving the notification, the applicationexecutes its application logic. Since the operating system andapplication can be asleep during expression broadcasting and receiving,the system can achieve high energy efficiency.

LTE-D provides a publish-subscribe mechanism through which expressionsbroadcasted and/or received over a subset of LTE uplink resources fordevice-to-device (D2D) service discovery. LTE-D also provides mechanismsfor receiving static service data from a remote server upon a service isdiscovered. Qualcomm provides Expression Name Servers (ENS) that handleregistration of blocks of expressions by operators and publicapplications. However, ENS does not explicitly specify how these blocksof expressions are managed and/or handled by specific operators andapplications.

SUMMARY

A method and apparatus for proximity service discovery are disclosed. Inone embodiment, the method comprises providing one or more expressionsfrom a market server to at least one wireless broadcasting device forbroadcasting over one or more wireless channels, each of the one or moreexpressions related to different marketplace items, receiving, at themarket server, one or more requests from one or more wireless devicesfor information to identify items being offered in marketplace thatmatch items the one or more wireless devices are attempting to obtain,sending expressions to at least one or more wireless devices associatedfor matching the relevant broadcast signals associated with items theone or more wireless devices are attempting to obtain, and providing, bythe marketing server, data notification channels for directdevice-to-device data notification over at least one wireless channel tofacilitate information exchange between the at least one wirelessbroadcasting device and the one or more wireless devices attempting toobtain items being offered by the at least one wireless broadcastingdevice.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The present invention will be understood more fully from the detaileddescription given below and from the accompanying drawings of variousembodiments of the invention, which, however, should not be taken tolimit the invention to the specific embodiments, but are for explanationand understanding only.

FIG. 1A is a block diagram of one embodiment of a system architecture.

FIG. 1B is a data flow diagram illustrating the operations of oneembodiment of the proximity based service discovery based marketplace ofFIG. 1A.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of one embodiment of an LMS.

FIG. 3 illustrates one embodiment of an expression template.

FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate a state transition diagram for an operationat the publishing device according to one embodiment.

FIG. 5 illustrates a situation in which a LMA instance starts listeningfor the service when it subscribes to the primary expression.

FIG. 6 illustrates an LMA instance unsubscribing from an auxiliaryexpression.

FIG. 7 is a state diagram of coupled primary and auxiliary expressionsat the user device that is the publisher according to one embodiment.

FIG. 8 illustrates a state diagram of a subscriber according to oneembodiment.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of one embodiment of a platform that useadditional information to better target offers for goods/services.

FIG. 10 shows one embodiment of a system on a 2D layout platformdevices.

FIGS. 11A and 11B illustrate an example of expression assignment toaccess points and proximity signal transmission capable mobile devices.

FIG. 12 illustrates one embodiment of an architecture of the proximityservice discovery system.

FIG. 13 illustrates one embodiment of a structure of a channel ID.

FIG. 14 illustrates one embodiment of a binary representation used torepresent signal strength.

FIG. 15 illustrates a structure of one embodiment of the message format.

FIG. 16 illustrates one embodiment of the coverage level of a message.

FIG. 17 illustrates a sequence diagram illustrating one embodiment ofthe proximity-based service discovery process for use in aspatiotemporal mobile network.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

In the following description, numerous details are set forth to providea more thorough explanation of the present invention. It will beapparent, however, to one skilled in the art, that the present inventionmay be practiced without these specific details. In other instances,well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form,rather than in detail, in order to avoid obscuring the presentinvention.

Proximity-based services provide a new frontier for operators togenerate new revenue sources. Unlike current location based servicesthat provides location and mobility information of (aggregate orindividual) users to fetch services from the cloud, proximity-basedservices let producers and consumers within walking distance of eachother find each other and engage in a social, philanthropic orcommercial activity. Creating a market space for such a paradigm cancombine virtual and physical shopping into a better experience thanhaving only one or the other.

In one embodiment of a proximity-based service discovery, a physicaldevice transmits expressions (e.g., beacons) in the form of modulatedradio waves over the wireless medium using one or more wireless deviceto device technologies including, for example, Bluetooth, LTE-D andWiFi. The transmitting device can be a standalone device that is part ofthe fixed infrastructure. The transmitting device can also be a userequipment (UE) such as, for example, a smart phone, tablet, laptopcomputer, etc., that is also communicably coupled to other devices andservers through a wireless access network. In one embodiment, thereceiver devices comprise other UEs subscribed to one or more proximityservices, each of which are assigned one or more expressions. In oneembodiment, subscribing to a proximity service means that the deviceperiodically listens to the expressions broadcasted in the vicinity andnotifies the subscribing applications about matched signals (if any ofthe expressions matches to the subscribed proximity service).

In one embodiment, regardless of the device type, the transmitting andreceiving devices include operating systems and radio interfaces, andthe service discovery function for proximity services is handled withthe operating system and/or radio interface. In one embodiment,applications using the proximity services remain typically idle pendingdiscovery notifications from an already running service discoveryfunction in the operating system and/or the radio interface that havealready been instructed as to what expressions should be broadcasted orlistened for (e.g., using an application programming interface (API)).Such service discovery functions are then able to transmit expressionspublished by applications (if existing) and listens for expressionssubscribed to by any application (if existing) on the physical device.

In one embodiment, a local market framework uses proximity servicediscovery authentication, where users join the local market byinstalling a local market application on their respective user devices.A user utilizing the application can be in the role of “buyer” who isinterested in finding goods and services being sold, shared, donated,leased by other nearby users. A user utilizing the application can be inthe role of “seller” who advertises goods and services they are selling,sharing, donating, leasing. In one embodiment, the local marketframework uses physical devices that can broadcast expressions (e.g.,beacons) using one or more technologies (e.g., Bluetooth, LTE-D, WiFi,etc.) to provide a platform for proximity-based service discovery (PSD).

In one embodiment, the market framework allows users (e.g., individuals,charities, businesses, schools, etc.) to automatically join and leavelocal markets as they move around. Embodiments of the invention includean apparatus for establishing proximity-based local markets where anyoneor organization can provide goods and services to anyone or organizationwithin the wireless communication range (e.g., for LTE-D, the range isup to 500 meters) as both the providers and potential consumers movearound.

The market framework hosts a backend server (e.g., a remotely locatedserver) that manages the data and expressions being used by the marketusers. In one embodiment, the backend server comprises:

(1) a data-store handler that processes data related to published orsubscribed expressions. In various embodiments, the data-store handlerutilizes a relational or non-relational database. In one embodiment, akey-value store is used, and the whole or different parts of eachassigned expression are used as keys and data that correspond to these(parts of the) expressions are used as the values;

(2) a publication manager that receives publication requests from theinstalled instances of local market application (LMA) and in returnassigns expressions to LMAs for advertising services and sending datanotifications over the LTE-D channel;

(3) a subscription manager that receives subscription requests frominstances of LMAs and in return assigns information (e.g., bit-masks)for LMAs that reflect user preferences and interests in the expressionmatching hardware and software on the devices where LMA instances areinstalled; and

(4) a communication channel (e.g., transport protocol and port) for LMAinstances to push and pull data to and from memory (e.g., the key-valuestore).

The techniques described herein support notification channels over LTE-Dthat accompany the goods and services being broadcasted, which mighthave dynamic data that is fetched to the user devices. Since thenotification channel utilizes LTE-D, unlike the application layernotification channels that keep persistent connectivity with cloudservers, market applications that utilize these techniques can be put tosleep until a data update occurs.

In one embodiment, the local market framework uses primary expressionsand a set of auxiliary expressions. In one embodiment, these expressionsare beacons. In one embodiment, both types of expressions are used asnotification channels. In one embodiment, while the primary expressionsare used to advertise goods and services generally, the auxiliaryexpression are used to specify details about the specific features ofthe goods and services and parameters regarding a transaction regardingthe goods and services. In one embodiment, an expression manager (whichin one embodiment is part of a server) assigns these primary andauxiliary expressions on a per-demand basis to different instances oflocal market applications running on different user devices when theapplications dynamically update the data about goods and servicespublished by them and want to utilize LTE-D as a notification channel.In one embodiment, the auxiliary expressions are assigned to primaryexpressions and both the publishers and subscribers of these primaryexpressions are notified about the auxiliary expressions to use for datanotifications. A number of different options of how the publishers andsubscribers use auxiliary expressions are described herein.

An Example of a Discovery Architecture

FIG. 1A is a block diagram of one embodiment of a system architecturewith two user equipments (UEs) 100 and 200 within discovery range ofeach other. Note that the system generally has more than two UEs.Referring to FIG. 1A, in one embodiment, each UE has a sub-system forproximity services (e.g., LTE-D) powered and operated as a standalonecomponent (and the rest of the UE components can put into sleep). In oneembodiment, the subsystem comprises an LTE-D chip, such as LTE-D chips101 and 201 of UEs 100 and 200, respectively.

An application running on each UE communicates with its proximityservice components. For example, in UE 100, local market application(LMA) 102 communicates with LTE-D chip 101 via interface 112, and in UE200, LMA 202 communicates with LTE-D chip 201 via interface 212. In oneembodiment, this communication occurs through an application programmerinterface (API) and different instances of the application are installedand run on different UEs.

A logically centralized entity (e.g., one or more servers) referred toherein as a Local Market Server (LMS) 300 is located in the backendcloud or other remote storage location to provide services to instancesof LMAs. LMS 300 may be referred to as a proximity server. In oneembodiment, each instance of market application supports an interface(e.g., LMA 102 uses interface 301 and LMA 202 uses interface 302 inFIG. 1) with LMS 300. In one embodiment, such an interface isimplemented as a native transport socket using TCP, SSH, or any otherstandard transport protocol or can be implemented over HTTP/HTTPS as aRESTful web interface. In one embodiment, such an interface occurs overa wireless network.

FIG. 1B is a data flow diagram illustrating the operations of oneembodiment of the proximity based service discovery based marketplace ofFIG. 1A. Referring to FIG. 1B, The user of UE 100 desires to sell a goodand service and causes its LMA 102 to request an expression, or setthereof, from LMS 300, which acts as an expression server to control theuse of expressions (e.g., primary and auxiliary expressions). Along withthe request, LMA 102 provides data for use in the expressions that allowLMS 300 to create expressions that can be used in the marketplace toidentify the type of goods and/or service along with information (e.g.,UE and/or transaction identifiers) to enable marketplace participants tobe able to complete a transaction in the marketplace.

LMS 300 responds to LMA 102 with a grant or denial of the request.Assuming a grant of the request by LMS 300, LMA 102 provides theexpression(s) to LMA 102 for use in the marketplace for the type of goodand/or service the user of UE 100 wants to offer. In response, LMA 102instructs LTE-D chip 101 of UE 100 to publish the primary expression andprovide data notification (e.g., auxiliary expressions).

During this time, the user of UE 200 desires to subscribe to receiveoffers for the same type of good and/or service being offered by UE 100.Therefore, LMA 202 of UE 200 sends a request to LMS 300 to receiveinformation to enable UE 200 to receive information related to thegoods/services it desires. In response to the request, LMS 300 providesexpression data to LMA 202 that enables it to determine with an offerfor the desired good/service has been broadcast. LMA 200 forwards theexpression data for the subscribed good/service to LTE-D chip 201 whichlistens for the expression being broadcast by other UEs. Upondetermining that a match occurs between the expression data it receivedfrom LMA 202 and an expression being broadcast by another UE (UE 100 inthis example), LTE-D chip 201 notifies LMA 202 of the match event. Inresponse to being notified of the match event, LMA 202 requests moreinformation from LMS 300 (or another remotely located server usinginformation in a primary expression) to enable it to complete thetransaction. LMA 300 provides the additional expression data to LMA 202and LMA 200 uses the data to complete the transaction with the user ofUE 100. In one embodiment, the expression data comprises one or moreauxiliary expressions. If the unmatched event is received at LTE-D chip201, the unmatched event will be dumped in LTE-D chip 201 or even at ahigher layer at local market application 202.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of one embodiment of a LMS (e.g., LMS 300) andits components. Referring to FIG. 2, communication channel 400 receivesmessages from LMA (e.g., LMA 410) and generates response to the LMA tothose messages. In one embodiment, the messages comprise PublicationRequest, Publication Response, Subscription Request, SubscriptionResponse, Data Upload and Data Download messages. When a publicationrequest message is received from LMA instance the LMS instance passesthe message to publication manager 401. In response, publication manager401 assigns an expression based on an expression template suitable forthe published service or good. In one embodiment, the expressiontemplate is fixed for a given version of LMA. In another embodiment, theexpression template is dynamically regenerated by publication manager401.

FIG. 3 illustrates one embodiment of an expression template. Referringto FIG. 3, in one embodiment, application identifier (ID) 301 is thesame across all LMA instances in a local marketplace that uniquelypoints to the market service or good disclosed herein. The second fieldis the market category 302 that specifies the market in which thegood/services reside (e.g., transport, music, video, grocery/shopping,cleaning, moving, caregiving, etc.). The third field, service tags 303,represents a variable number of service tags. In one embodiment, some ofthe service tags 303 are common across categories. In one embodiment,some service tags are unique to that category. For instance, servicetags include information such as whether a service is free or paid, thepayment method, whether there is a data to be fetched from the LMS ornot, etc. In contrast, music/video kinds or vehicle types can be uniqueto the music/video or transport categories. In one embodiment, publisheridentifier (ID) 304 is the unique ID for the individual or entity thatadvertise the service. Service key 305 is a field used as a unique fieldto get additional data to present to the consumer. In one embodiment, incoordination with the service tags, service key 305 can be used as aunique key to request the additional data from LMS. In another typicaluse case, service key 305 is used as binary coded information that otherLMA instances can decode and extract data. In one embodiment, thedecoding and data extraction are performed using a dictionary or a moredetailed template supplied when the LMA instance is installed or LMAinstance subscribes for a service/good.

In one embodiment, publication manager 401 generates a publicationresponse message 452 that specifies whether the request is granted ornot, and if granted, provides the following information: one or moreexpressions to be published, lease time per expression (informationindicating the amount of time for which the expression is published(e.g., expiration time)), type of each expression (e.g., primary orauxiliary), template of each expression, fields in the expression thatcan be overwritten or filled by the LMA instance, the pairinginformation between the primary and auxiliary expressions (e.g., whichauxiliary expression can be used by which primary expression(s)), modeof auxiliary expressions (e.g., coupled or uncoupled). Publicationmanager 401 logs the request and generated response via data storehandler 403.

LMA instance 410 generates subscription request message 453 as aresponse to the user input, which can be captured. The capture may bethrough various interfaces such as, for example, keyboard, microphone,camera, touch screen, wearable devices paired with the device and othersensors on the device. The user input can be any form of gesture ordirect voice/text command. In one embodiment, LMA instance 410 alsoprovides a set of forms that can be filled by the user. The user mayfill out the forms using various input methods such as, for example,keyboard, voice, touch screen, etc. Once the user query is received, LMAinstance 410 marshals the query into a format that can be parsed andprocessed by the LMS.

Communication channel 400 passes subscription request message 453 tosubscription manager 402, which in return generates a subscriptionresponse message 454 to be relayed back to LMA instance 410 that sentthe request. In one embodiment, subscription manager 402 resolves thequery into a set of market categories and service tags based on thespecific query and also using the subscriber profile, which can beextracted based on the usage history or filled by the user as userpreferences. In one embodiment, subscription response memory 454includes the following information if it is resolved successfully: oneor more expressions to be subscribed to, lease time per expression, typeof each expression (e.g., primary or auxiliary), detailed template ofeach expression, a mandatory bit mask per expression to identify thefields that are mandatory to match, matching value per expressions forthe mandatory fields identified by the bit mask, the pairing informationbetween the primary and auxiliary expressions (i.e., which auxiliaryexpression can be used by which primary expression), mode of auxiliaryexpressions (e.g., coupled or uncoupled), and if applicable additionaldictionary data to decode opaque fields. In one embodiment, subscriptionrequests 433 and the responses 454 are sent to data store handler 403 tomaintain a transaction history. In one embodiment, subscription manager402 also caches previous queries to return fast answers.

In one embodiment, LMA instances generate data upload messages 455towards the LMS when publishers provide more detailed information forthe services (e.g., contact information, pictures, videos, etc.). In oneembodiment, LMA instances also generate data download messages 456 whenthey receive a matching expression for the first time with proper flagsset in the expression or when they receive a data notification via thehelp of auxiliary expressions.

Data upload message 455 and data download messages 456 are received bycommunication channel module 400 of the LMS instance and handed to datastore handler 403. Upon receiving a data upload message 455, data storehandler 403 commits the uploaded data to the data store and returns anacknowledgement or error message. Upon receiving a data download message455, data store handler 403 uses publisher ID 304 and service key 305 toextract the data for the matching expression from data store 420. Datastore handler 403 responds back to LMA instance 410 with the expressiondata or an error code if no data is returned.

Auxiliary Expressions

In one embodiment, auxiliary expressions are used as data notificationchannels over LTE-D. In one embodiment, an expression manager that ispart of a LMS assigns auxiliary expressions to different LMAs and theyare unique within the scope of one LMA (i.e., on an LMA instance, eachauxiliary expression is unique and is tied to a specific primaryexpression, while the same auxiliary and primary expressions can be usedby different LMA instances for spatial reuse or other purposes). Theexpression manager maintains a pool of primary and auxiliary expressionsto assign them to different LMAs for publishing their services. In oneembodiment, the expression manager resizes the pools by migrating someexpressions in one category to the other. In one embodiment, theexpressions are assigned on a temporal basis and are renewed by thepublishing LMAs for uninterrupted service broadcasting.

Different techniques for using auxiliary expressions for notifying dataupdates for a published service (and hence expression) are describedbelow.

Use of Auxiliary Expressions as Notification Channels

In one embodiment, a dynamic set of auxiliary expressions are used asnotification channels. In one embodiment, an expression manager assignsthese auxiliary expressions on a per-demand basis to the marketapplication instances on different user devices that dynamically updatethe data about goods and services published by the user devices. In oneembodiment, an auxiliary expression is used in a coupled or uncoupledmode with the primary expressions used for service discovery.

Uncoupled Mode

In the uncoupled mode, the publisher uses the auxiliary expression as astandalone control channel. When the publisher (e.g., a user device)updates data associated with a primary expression, it publishes theauxiliary expression assigned to the primary expression to use LTE-D asa notification channel. The subscriber of the primary expression issubscribed to the auxiliary expression as well. Hence, after thepublishing device starts broadcasting the auxiliary expression, thesubscribing market applications of the user devices that are within therange receive a match from LTE-D. Upon receiving the match event to theauxiliary expression, the market application contacts a backend serverto fetch the updated data. In one embodiment, corresponding the backendserver may be the LMS or another server.

In one embodiment, after a short time out period, the user devicetransmitting the auxiliary expression unpublishes it (e.g., turns offthe notification channel) and releases the auxiliary expression after alonger time out period. After release, in one embodiment, the auxiliaryexpression can be assigned to another primary expression by theexpression manager. The state transition diagram for this operation atthe publishing device is shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B according to oneembodiment.

Referring to FIG. 4A, when a primary expression transitions for anunpublished state to a published state, the offer for service/goodassociated with the primary expression is started (via publication).Referring to FIG. 4B, when an auxiliary expression transitions from anunpublished state to a published state, new data associated with theservice/good is available for access by subscribers. In one embodiment,after a short period of time, T_(short), or a long period of time,T_(long), the auxiliary expression is released to allow its use withanother primary expression.

In one embodiment, a LTE-D receiver is set by the application in twomodes when it subscribes to a service associated with an expression:continuous match or one-time match.

In one embodiment, if the continuous match is used, the LMA instancealways subscribes to the auxiliary expression until its lease timeexpires. Therefore, the LTE-D layer/chip keeps listening to theauxiliary expression and notifying the LMA instance on the device eachtime the auxiliary expression is heard over the channel. The applicationstops receiving notifications once the auxiliary expression isunpublished. In one embodiment, the LMA instance sends a data downloadmessage 456 every time it receives a match event for the auxiliaryexpression.

If one-time match is used, the auxiliary expression (ifpublished/broadcasted by another instance of LMA) is matched once andthe application is then notified only once. In one embodiment, LTE-Dchip of a user device keeps state information indicating that the sameexpression was matched previously and filters the subsequent matchevents for the same expression. This prevents multiple matches fromoccurring. The state is cleared when an unmatch event is registered byLTE-D receiver of the LTE-D chip or the expression is explicitlyunsubscribed to by the local LMA instance. In one embodiment, an unmatchevent is fired by LTE-D receiver if a previously matched expression isno longer received for a pre-configured number of discovery cycles(e.g., 2 or more).

In one embodiment, if data updates are very infrequent, the applicationcan rely on receiving this unmatch event from the LTE-D chip in the nextcycle, when the auxiliary expression is published again to notify theuser device of a data update, a match event triggered by the LTE-D chip.

FIG. 5 illustrates a situation, according to one embodiment, where theLMA instance starts listening for the service when it subscribes to theprimary expression. As long as LMA instance is interested in thespecific service/good, its state for the corresponding primaryexpression remains in the subscribed mode. At the same time or at alater time, the LMA instance can subscribe to the auxiliary expressionassigned to the primary expression for data notifications. A match event501 to the auxiliary expression triggers the LMA instance to generate adata download message to the LMS. Since one-time match is used, furthermatch events on the auxiliary expressions are filtered by the LTE-Dchip. In one embodiment, as the publisher stops publishing the auxiliaryexpression after T_(short), after a few discovery cycles, LTE-D chipdetermines that either the publisher (user device) went out of range orstopped advertising the auxiliary expression and generate an unmatchevent 502. When publisher starts broadcasting the auxiliary expressionagain (upon new data), a match event will occur again triggering anotherdata download message.

If data updates are more frequent than the time required for generatingan unmatch event, the LTE-D receiver misses the re-published auxiliaryexpression (in one-time match mode) as it will be filtered by the LTE-Dchip. Thus, in one embodiment, to handle more frequent data updates, theLMA instance can unsubscribe from the auxiliary expression after atime-out period equal to or larger than the short time-out period usedby the publisher as shown FIG. 6.

Referring to FIG. 6, the LMA subscribes to an auxiliary expression whenthe state transitions to a subscribed state. Thereafter, a match 601 ofthe auxiliary expression occurs. After a short time period, T_(short)602, expires, the LMA transitions to an unsubscribed state for a timeperiod 602 that is shorter than T_(short) 602. After this short timeperiod 603, the LMA transitions to the subscribed state. In oneembodiment, these time-out values are pre-configured in the LMAs tostandard values. In another embodiment, these time-out values are set bythe expression manager on the server side. The timer for the shorttime-out starts at the publisher side after the application publishcommand is sent to LTE-D chip and the LTE-D chip confirms it. In oneembodiment, the timer for the short time-out starts at the subscriberside after the first time application is notified about the match eventfor the auxiliary expression.

After the lease time of any expression expires, the LMA instanceunpublishes, or unsubscribes, to the published/subscribed expression.

Coupled Mode

In the coupled mode, primary and auxiliary expressions assume a toggledstate (i.e., when the primary is published, the auxiliary is unpublishedand when the auxiliary is published, the primary is unpublished). Inthis mode, the LTE-D receiver of the LTE-D chip subscribes to bothexpressions as in the uncoupled state, but as soon as it detects a matchevent for the primary (or auxiliary) expression, the LTE-D receiverswaps the role of the primary and auxiliary expressions.

FIG. 7 is a state diagram of coupled primary and auxiliary expressionsat the user device that is the publisher according to one embodiment.Referring to FIG. 7, the toggled state between the paired expressionsends as soon as the auxiliary expression has an expired lease (and movesto an unpublished state). In this case, the data notification channelbecomes unavailable and the LMA instance sets the state of the primaryexpression always in the subscribed mode, as otherwise no furtherservice discovery would occur for the specific service that uses thisprimary expression.

FIG. 8 illustrates another state diagram of the state at a subscriberside according to one embodiment. Referring to FIG. 8, as a match eventfor the auxiliary expression indicates that the next data notificationwill be delivered by the primary expression, the subscribing LMA brieflyunsubscribes and then re-subscribes to the primary expression (after theauxiliary match 801) to dispose of any state in LTE-D chip that canfilter subsequent match event for the primary expression. Similarly, amatch for the primary expression implies that the next data notificationis delivered by the secondary expression. Thus, the LMA instance brieflyunsubscribes and then immediately re-subscribes to the auxiliaryexpression to dispose of any state in LTE-D chip that can filtersubsequent match event for the primary expression.

Limited Coverage Areas

In one embodiment, all the physical devices that can broadcast servicediscovery signals are pooled together to increase the range of coverageand the rate of discovery for proximity-based service discovery. Thisincreases the coverage of service discovery and the rate of servicediscovery. In the current, proximity based services, the service point(wireless coverage area) should be close enough to the clients to have asuccessful service discovery and each service point must have dedicatedphysical devices. Embodiments of the invention make both limitationsobsolete by extending the broadcasting range of a given service to everylocation that has at least one device capable of sending wirelessexpressions for service discovery.

In one embodiment, the extended coverage area is achieved by having theuser devices (e.g., UEs) register their services with the marketplaceplatform and provide explicit information about the physical locationsthey want to cover (e.g., geo-fencing area) or information about theirmobile subscribers (e.g., unique identities such as mobile subscriberidentities known to a mobile network operator, subscriber locations). Asdescribed above, subscribers of proximity services can also directlyprovide the platform (e.g., through installed applications on theirdevices) with information as to what services they want to consumespecifically or their general preferences. In return, the platformassigns expressions to individual services and decides which of thepooled physical devices should be broadcasting which one or ones ofthese expressions, their transmission powers and the amount of time forthe transmissions. Thus, every mobile subscriber (e.g., user equipment)is capable of becoming a point of presence for proximity services, wherethe operator pushes service expressions to the subscriber devices ondemand to broadcast the availability of various services. Operator canalso use its own access points and base stations as part of the sameinfrastructure. Thus, embodiments of the invention can make an operatorthe single largest entity that owns a nationwide proximity-based servicediscovery platform with both indoors and outdoors coverage.

As more services come in, geo-fencing information varies, or userlocations and preferences change, the platform can reconsider thebeacon/expressions assignments to individual physical devices to makesure sufficient coverage is provided to all or some of the services.

By extending the coverage area, a particular set of users who are notwithin the immediate proximity of a particular service can be targeted.For instance, a user shopping in Shop A can receive advertisements aboutShop B or vice versa without using any shop-specific devices, but usingother user devices, which are capable of sending beacons/expressions.

Moreover, in one embodiment, a business owner or individual is notrequired to own a physical device to send expressions as theseexpressions can be broadcasted from any device in the pool. In oneembodiment, multiple devices broadcast the same expression at differentlocations to increase the coverage of proximity-based service discovery.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of one embodiment of a platform that useadditional information to better target offers for goods/services.Referring to FIG. 9, application servers 902 are typically hosted byservices that utilize proximity based service discovery. Applicationservers 902 have information regarding the goods and services they areoffering, their customer profiles, their transactions, what customersand locations they want to provide targeted services, etc. Applicationservers 902 provide geo-fence information (or other locationinformation) and relevant subscriber profile information to proximityserver 901. Geo-fence information can be in various forms such as, forexample, one or more of a collection of 2D or 3D geometric areas (e.g.,polygons and spheres) on a map with coordinate information of verticesand edges are precisely defined; a zip code or address; room number in abuilding; area numbers on a floor plan; etc. Other types of informationrelated or relevant to the location information could be used as well.In one embodiment, subscriber information profile include a unique IDfor each targeted user.

Application clients 903 (e.g., LMAs) run on subscriber devices and theyeither directly connect to proximity server 901 or indirectly as theyissue subscription and publication requests to the service discoveryfunctions residing in the operating system or the radio interface card,which in return connects to proximity server 901 to acquire theexpressions to receive or transmit over the wireless interface.Proximity servers 901 thus acquire service subscription and publicationinformation from application clients 903. Based on a subset of theinformation received from application servers 902, application clients903 and possibly other databases that provide information about socialnetworks of the subscribers, location and preference history, etc.,proximity server 901 makes an allocation of service expressions to apool of user and network devices to broadcast these expressions. In oneembodiment, additional properties of each expression such as, forexample, one or more of transmit power, lease time, frequency ofbroadcasting, etc. are also set by proximity server 901.

Note that there may be more than one proximity server, applicationserver, access point/base station included in the platform.

FIG. 10 shows one embodiment of a system on a 2D layout platformdevices. In one embodiment, some mobile devices only run in proximityservice receive (PSRX) only mode (e.g., devices numbered 1000 through1016 in FIG. 10). These devices can subscribe and listen to thebroadcasted service discovery signals over the wireless medium (e.g.,service expressions), but they cannot be programmed by the proximityserver to transmit proximity signals. PSRX devices that can broadcastproximity signals but are not under the control of a proximity serversuch as proximity server 901 are also put in this category. Some devicesrun in PSRX as well as proximity device transmit (PSTX) modes (i.e.,PSRX/PSTX devices such as devices numbered 1010 through 1016 in FIGS.11A and 11B). These devices can be controlled and programmed by theproximity server (e.g., proximity server 901) to transmit a specific setof service expressions as determined by the proximity server (e.g.,proximity server 901).

In one embodiment, aside from utilizing the mobile devices ofsubscribers, the service discovery platform can also utilize fixedassets as part of the proximity service infrastructure. Regardless ofwhether these devices are standalone or integrated with existing hotspotaccess points or base stations, they are labeled as PSTX-only AccessPoints and PSRX/PSTX Access Points.

In FIGS. 11A and 11B, without loss of generality only PSRX/PSTX accesspoints are shown. In the example, seven distinct expressions (b₁ throughb₇) are assigned to various PSRX/PSTX mobile devices and access points.In one embodiment, the PSTX-only and PSRX/PSTX devices are assignednone, one or more service expressions depending on the coveragerequirements of services published through the platform, thedistribution of these programmable devices in space and time, the limitson individual devices (e.g., how many expressions they are subscribed toputs a limit on how many expression they can publish), the congestion(i.e., too many expressions transmitted in the same area), specificallytargeted subscribers, and possibly other factors. In one embodiment, theassignment is dynamic as each expression has a limited lease-time, butalso existing leases can be terminated or extended, or newbeacons/expressions can be assigned. In FIGS. 11A and 11B, node 11, 1014and 1016 have no assigned expressions, while some nodes have 1 (e.g.,nodes 13 and 1010) and some others have 2 (e.g., nodes 10, 14, 1012)expression assignments. Some expressions (e.g., b₂) have more coveragethan others (e.g., b₇).

A Service Delivery System Based on Spatiotemporal Mobile Network

LTE-D technology operates at the chip-set level. The application andmobile device has dependency on this chip-set. In one embodiment, toovercome this dependency, a cloud-based solution (e.g., software as aservice (SaaS)) is used. This solution may be considered as avirtualization of LTE-D technology in the cloud.

In contrast to chip-set level technology, in one embodiment, a SaaS inthe cloud handles device-to-device (D2D) communication to provideproximity base service discovery by using spatiotemporal mobile data atthe software level. That is, in one embodiment, thebroadcasting/multicasting service delivery is based on SaaS in the cloud(or other remote location) by using mainly spatiotemporal data of mobilenetworks (excluding global positioning system (GPS) data) for mobiledevices (e.g., Android based phones).

When the mobile device needs to initialize D2D communication through thecloud system, it refers to data which is being generated by anintegrated chipset, such as, for example, Subscriber IdentificationModule (SIM), where the SIM is providing international mobile subscriberidentity (IMSI) with together dynamically generating Location Area Code(LAC) and Cell Id (CID). To identify a mobile device's location in theentire mobile networks, LAC and CID are used as a spatiotemporal data inmobile networks by telecommunication carriers. In one embodiment, amobile service intent that is running as a daemon application refers tothe spatiotemporal mobile network data, such as LAC and CID data. AfterLAC and CID is determined by the mobile daemon application, the data isused to create a “channel id” together with additional customizable datato provide device to device (D2D) communication by usingbroadcast/multicast messaging in the cloud.

In one embodiment, a notification channel provides D2D communicationthrough the cloud that accompanies the goods and services beingbroadcasted. In one embodiment, the notification channel has dynamicdata, such as described above, that is fetched to the consumer devices.

Embodiments of the invention have one or more positive impacts onproximity based services. Firstly, it reduces of the production costs ofchip-set since a cloud-based application as software as a service (SaaS)promotes to mobile developers. Secondly, although the mobile devicesthat have old system architecture and chip-set will not adapt to LTE-Din the future, this hardware compatibility issue can be easily solved.Thirdly, the location and geo-fencing based applications sometimesviolate user privileges since those applications may track and thenstore user's GPS coordinates.

In one embodiment, mobile network data (e.g., LAC, CID, and SignalStrength) is used instead of using GPS coordinate, high accuracy datalike GPS data to determine the location of the user. The applicationuses those data to temporarily establish a cluster to provide D2Dcommunication through the cloud. In addition, in one embodiment,messaging data has a time to live (TTL) is used by a user toautomatically wipe out them from the cloud storage.

From a mobile developer's point of view, since one embodiment is a SaaS,the mobile developers can utilize this cloud-based system to createproximity services that are just-in-the-time in terms of mobiledevelopment. From a mobile user's point of view, mobile users can fetchany services from the cloud on-demand, and the proximity based servicesallow producers and consumers within walking distance of each other tolocate each other and engage in a social, philanthropic or commercialactivity. From a third party supplier's point of view, for example,embodiments of the invention allow for the creation of a market spacefor such a paradigm can combine virtual and physical services (e.g.,shopping) into a better experience than having only one or the other.

FIGS. 11A and 11B illustrate a system hierarchy that provides forproximity-based server clocking using SaaS. FIG. 11B illustrates a topview, while FIG. 11B illustrates a perspective view. Referring to FIGS.11A and 11B, the two UEs 1101 and 1102 are located under the same CID1103 which is located under the same LAC 1104. There is one base station1105 has two separated connectivity (for internet connection) with thesetwo users which have a separated connection respectively, 1111 and 1112,with a remote server 1113 in the cloud 1114. Note that there aregenerally more than two UEs and base stations and may be more than oneCID and LAC.

FIG. 12 illustrates one embodiment of an architecture of the system.Referring to FIG. 12, the system includes an arbitrary UE 1201 has anAndroid OS has four system levels respectively; Linux kernel 1205,libraries 1207, application framework 1209, and application 1211.Application 1221 and service intent 1227 which comprises a part thatruns on application 1211 level of Android OS. In one embodiment, thoseapplication agents have an indirect connectivity 1225 from the top(application) level through bottom (hardware) level, as well. Theservice intent is a daemon application that is running on background inthe application level. In one embodiment the service intent has twocommunication channels 1223, 1231-1235) with the application and aremote server 1243 through a specific cluster 1237) and a channel (both1229 and 1253 is same) in the cloud 1241. In the private or public cloud1241, there is a server application 1251 is also running as daemonapplication to handle the client side's requests and demands. In oneembodiment, server application 1251 has connectivity with a database1245, such as, for example, key value storage (NoSQL) to savecommunication level messages and transactions in the cloud. Mobileapplication 1221 has a human interaction features can access to thisdata storage 1245 through a connection 1239 when it requires to writeand read data.

In one embodiment, to deliver an instant custom service (e.g., selling,offering, advertisement, news, etc.) as a broadcast message inside aspecific network where a mobile user adverts it on demand, an unique“channel id” is generated in binary format (e.g., 128 bits like LTE-D)with respect to three kinds of data. FIG. 13 illustrates one embodimentof a structure of a channel ID. Referring to FIG. 13, the structureincludes application ID 1301, free field 1302, topic 1303, LAC 1304, CID1305, and signal_strength field 1306, and these are as follows: 1)Application (APP) ID 1301, which is represented with the first dedicated16 bits by service's user(s) as a developer to identify the exactapplication are using which established channel(s) in the cloud; 2)additional customizable data is called as a Topic 1302, which isrepresented with 32 bits by users' demands (e.g., selling, offering,advertisement, news etc.); 3) mobile network data, which is beingsupplied by SIM, which comprise three fields of data, namely, LAC 1304(16 bits), CID 1305 (28 bits) and SIGNAL STRENGTH 1306 (4 bits) as aqualitative data (e.g., excellent, good, fair, poor, no signal) inbinary format.

FIG. 14 illustrates one embodiment of a binary representation used torepresent signal strength. That is, the received signal strengthindication (RSSI) level is represented in binary format.

In one embodiment, the proximity-based service discovery process hasthree main flows. First, to initiate a “channel id”, the spatial data iscollected by the service intent application running as a daemon on themobile devices. In one embodiment, the daemon service is checking outLAC and CID by specific time period. To establish a separated cluster inthe cloud, a new “channel id” is created with respect to the gatheredLAC and CID data. For instance, after a “channel id” is created in thecloud by a mobile device, mobile devices can connect to the channel byusing same “channel id” if they are interested in same “Topic” locatedunder the same LAC and CID. In other words, if the “channel id” existsas a cluster, the mobile device can join to the existed cluster insteadof duplicating a channel. Second, to handle the mobile device'sdemand(s) and response to them through a specific cluster, the serverside application is used. In one embodiment, this server sideapplication runs as a daemon application that is a permanent member ofevery cluster that is initiated by different mobile device. In otherwords, even if at least one mobile device joins as a new member to thesame channel by using the same “channel id”, the mobile deviceestablishes a cluster together with server side application. Note thatin one embodiment, D2D communication is handled by separate clusters inthe cloud, and not at the hardware level. Third, in order to send andreceive messages through a cluster, a simple lightweight messagingstructure is used. FIG. 15 illustrates a structure of one embodiment ofthe message format.

Referring to FIG. 15, the message consists of five different fields arerepresented with 128 bits in binary respectively:

-   -   a. APP_ID 1501, which is the application id, is using to        determine the application's type in the server side;    -   b. CL 1502 is a coverage level of that message that are being        used to advert the message to the specific levels and its        downward that is detailed in the coverage level of the message        shown in FIG. 16. Referring to FIG. 16, in one embodiment, five        coverage levels are defined as binary format with 3 bits in this        architecture. The coverage level could be extendable up to eight        levels. In the other words, the coverage level also can consider        as coverage granularity, which is a parameter of broadcasting        message in the specific coverage where a message will be        adverted;    -   c. T 1503 is a unit of time, such as year, month, hour, minute,        second, millisecond for “time to live”. In one embodiment, to        pick the unit of time, 3 bits are reserved for application.    -   d. TTL 1504 is time-to-live, which is a temporal time aspect. In        one embodiment, the message was sent in the cluster that will be        living in the cloud storage during its TTL. After its TTL        expires, the message will be dropped over the database. Instead        of using 64 bits to represent a timestamp in the body of        message, in one embodiment, the two parts such as T 1503 (3        bits) and TTL 1504 (16 bits) are defined in this structure to        reduce redundant binary (45 bits) usage;    -   e. Object ID 1505 is a kind of key on the key-value storage        (cloud storage) where it is written by another UE. Before any of        messaging is sent by any UE, the message context is stored on        the cloud storage. Each transaction and data are stored with a        unique key in the cloud. Any other UE can collect the specific        data from the cloud storage by using that key after it received        this key through a broadcasting message. Thus, this key is used        as a reference of data in the cloud. In one embodiment, object        ID 1505 is represented with 80 bits; in another embodiment, this        key is extended up to 90 bits. Note that object ID 1505 may be        other sizes.

FIG. 17 illustrates a sequence diagram illustrating one embodiment ofthe proximity-based service discovery process for use in aspatiotemporal mobile network. Referring to FIG. 17, there are mainlytwo users, two UEs, a remote server, and data storage in the cloud. Inone embodiment, each UE uses the same “channel id” and has a subscriberrole as well as a publisher role. In a subscriber role, a UE initiallycreates a subscription request (1701 or 1710) with a topic through theapplication running on its UE. The service intent running as a daemon onthe UE requests the spatiotemporal data by every specific time periodover its UE as well (1703 or 1711). A channel initiation request (1705or 1712) is created with its spatial data (e.g., in one embodiment, thedata is LAC and CID) and a subscriber's topic that is submitted as a“channel id” to the remote server side in the cloud by the subscriber.

According to initiation channel request, either a new channel (1707) isinitiated, or the subscriber side joins an initiated channel (1709 or1713) by the other UE at an earlier time. In one embodiment, a publisherrole, a request of submission demand (1715) is created through theapplication's user interface by a user.

After the UE creates an object with respect to user's demand, the objectis written (1717) on the database in the cloud. In one embodiment, thedatabase is working as a key-value storage and responds with an objectID (1718) related to the object that is submitted by the UE. Althoughthe object ID is represented in string format, in one embodiment, it isconverted in binary format (80-90 bits) to be propagated in the clusterthrough the channel. After this conversion, the expression (128 bits) isadverted (1721) across UEs through the channel in the same cluster. Ifany UE is a subscriber on the same channel, it receives (1723) theexpression in binary format which is published by the other UE on thesame cluster.

After the binary expression is encoded on the flight, the object ID isobtained (1725) to access (1727) to data with it on the database whereit was written by message sender. Finally, the sender's demand (1729) isdisplayed as a graphical user interface on the receiver side of thescreen.

Some portions of the detailed descriptions above are presented in termsof algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data bitswithin a computer memory. These algorithmic descriptions andrepresentations are the means used by those skilled in the dataprocessing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their workto others skilled in the art. An algorithm is here, and generally,conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of steps leading to a desiredresult. The steps are those requiring physical manipulations of physicalquantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take theform of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored,transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It hasproven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, torefer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters,terms, numbers, or the like.

It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar termsare to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and aremerely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unlessspecifically stated otherwise as apparent from the following discussion,it is appreciated that throughout the description, discussions utilizingterms such as “processing” or “computing” or “calculating” or“determining” or “displaying” or the like, refer to the action andprocesses of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device,that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical(electronic) quantities within the computer system's registers andmemories into other data similarly represented as physical quantitieswithin the computer system memories or registers or other suchinformation storage, transmission or display devices.

The present invention also relates to apparatus for performing theoperations herein. This apparatus may be specially constructed for therequired purposes, or it may comprise a general purpose computerselectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored inthe computer. Such a computer program may be stored in a computerreadable storage medium, such as, but is not limited to, any type ofdisk including floppy disks, optical disks, CD-ROMs, andmagnetic-optical disks, read-only memories (ROMs), random accessmemories (RAMs), EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic or optical cards, or any typeof media suitable for storing electronic instructions, and each coupledto a computer system bus.

The algorithms and displays presented herein are not inherently relatedto any particular computer or other apparatus. Various general purposesystems may be used with programs in accordance with the teachingsherein, or it may prove convenient to construct more specializedapparatus to perform the required method steps. The required structurefor a variety of these systems will appear from the description below.In addition, the present invention is not described with reference toany particular programming language. It will be appreciated that avariety of programming languages may be used to implement the teachingsof the invention as described herein.

A machine-readable medium includes any mechanism for storing ortransmitting information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., acomputer). For example, a machine-readable medium includes read onlymemory (“ROM”); random access memory (“RAM”); magnetic disk storagemedia; optical storage media; flash memory devices; etc.

Whereas many alterations and modifications of the present invention willno doubt become apparent to a person of ordinary skill in the art afterhaving read the foregoing description, it is to be understood that anyparticular embodiment shown and described by way of illustration is inno way intended to be considered limiting. Therefore, references todetails of various embodiments are not intended to limit the scope ofthe claims which in themselves recite only those features regarded asessential to the invention.

We claim:
 1. A method for assigning service discovery signals, themethod comprising: receiving a geo-fencing information and a subscriberinformation of a plurality of wireless devices; mapping each of one ormore service discovery signals to one or more wireless devices in agroup of wireless devices based on at least one of the geo-fencinginformation and the subscriber information, each of the one or moreservice discovery signals comprising a primary expression and anauxiliary expression assigned to the primary expression, wherein theauxiliary expression is used as a notification channel to update dataassociated with the primary expression.
 2. The method defined in claim 1further comprising receiving additional information that includes one ormore of identity information, information indicative of temporal andspatial distribution of subscribers, information indicative of temporaland spatial distribution of the plurality of wireless devices; andwherein the mapping of each of one or more service discovery signals toone or more wireless devices in the group of wireless devices is basedon the received information and the additional information.
 3. Anon-transitory computer readable storage medium that storesinstructions, which when executed on a classification system, causes thesystem to perform a method for assigning service discovery signalscomprising: receiving a geo-fencing information and a subscriberinformation of a plurality of wireless devices; and mapping each of oneor more service discovery signals to one or more wireless devices in agroup of wireless devices based on at least one of the geo-fencinginformation and the subscriber information, each of the one or moreservice discovery signals comprising a primary expression and anauxiliary expression assigned to the primary expression, wherein theauxiliary expression is used as a notification channel to update dataassociated with the primary expression.
 4. The non-transitory computerreadable storage medium defined in claim 3 wherein the method furthercomprises receiving additional information that includes one or more ofidentity information, information indicative of temporal and spatialdistribution of subscribers, information indicative of temporal andspatial distribution of the plurality of wireless devices; and whereinthe mapping of each of one or more service discovery signals to one ormore wireless devices in the group of wireless devices is based on thereceived information and the additional information.
 5. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the geo-fence information comprises one or more of areacoordinates; a zip code, an address; a room number, an area identifier.6. The method of claim 1, wherein the subscriber information comprisesat least one of a subscriber identifier and a subscriber topic.
 7. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising determining a channel based on atleast one of the geo-fencing information and the subscriber information.8. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving a requestassociated with an object; determining an object identifier based on therequest.
 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising allocating serviceexpressions to the one or more wireless devices.
 10. The non-transitorycomputer readable storage medium of claim 3, wherein the geo-fenceinformation comprises one or more of area coordinates; a zip code, anaddress; a room number, an area identifier.
 11. The non-transitorycomputer readable storage medium of claim 3, wherein the subscriberinformation comprises at least one of a subscriber identifier and asubscriber topic.
 12. The non-transitory computer readable storagemedium of claim 3, wherein the method further comprises determining achannel identifier based on at least one of the geo-fencing informationand subscriber information.
 13. The non-transitory computer readablestorage medium of claim 3, wherein the method further comprisesreceiving a request associated with an object; and determining an objectidentifier based on the request.
 14. The non-transitory computerreadable storage medium of claim 3, wherein the method further comprisesallocating service expressions to the one or more wireless devices. 15.An apparatus comprising: a memory; and a processor coupled to thememory, wherein the processor is configured to receiving a geo-fencinginformation and a subscriber information of a plurality of wirelessdevices; mapping each of one or more service discovery signals to one ormore wireless devices in a group of wireless devices based on at leastone of the geo-fencing information and the subscriber information, eachof the one or more service discovery signals comprising a primaryexpression and an auxiliary expression assigned to the primaryexpression, wherein the auxiliary expression is used as a notificationchannel to update data associated with the primary expression.
 16. Theapparatus of claim 15, wherein the processor is configured to receiveadditional information that includes one or more of identityinformation, information indicative of temporal and spatial distributionof subscribers, information indicative of temporal and spatialdistribution of the plurality of wireless devices; and wherein theprocessor is configured to map each of one or more service discoverysignals to one or more wireless devices in the group of wireless devicesbased on the received information and the additional information. 17.The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the geo-fence information comprisesone or more of area coordinates; a zip code, an address; a room number,an area identifier and wherein the subscriber information comprises atleast one of a subscriber identifier and a subscriber topic.
 18. Theapparatus of claim 15, wherein the processor is configured to determinea channel based on at least one of the geo-fencing information and thesubscriber information.
 19. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein theprocessor is configured to receive a request associated with an object;and wherein the processor is configured to determine an objectidentifier based on the request.
 20. The apparatus of claim 15, whereinthe processor is configured to allocate service expressions to the oneor more wireless devices.